UVC light modulates vitamin C and phenolic biosynthesis in acerola fruit: role of increased mitochondria activity and ROS production.

The effects of ultraviolet-C light (UVC) on vitamin C and phenolic compounds in acerola during postharvest storage were investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism inducing the antioxidant systems. The fruits, stored at 10 °C for 7 days after a hormetic UVC irradiation (two pulses of 0.3 J/cm2), showed significantly less degradation of vitamin C and phenolic compounds than the control without the UVC challenge. UVC activated the L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalDH), a key enzyme for vitamin C biosynthesis, and altered the composition of phenolic compounds, through phenolic biosynthesis, in acerola during postharvest storage. UVC also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions at immediate (day 0) and late (day 7) times during postharvest storage through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and NADPH oxidase, respectively. Results suggest that UVC helps in the retention of vitamin C and phenolic content in acerola by altering ascorbic acid and phenolic metabolism through an increase in mitochondrial activity and a ROS-mediated mechanism. Data showed the beneficial effects of UVC on maintenance of nutraceutical quality in acerola during postharvest storage and supplied new insights into understanding the mechanism by which UVC irradiation enhance the antioxidant system in fruits.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential fruit of Ximenia americana L.

The caatinga ecoregion in northeast Brazil presents a wide variety in plant species. However, the potential of these species as a source of energy, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and bioactive properties beneficial to health is still unknown. Among these species we can find the wild plum (Ximenia americana). Due to its various phytotherapeutic properties and absence of studies on the chemical composition of the fruit this article aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of the X. americana in different stages of maturation. The fruits of X. americana showed considerable amounts of bioactive compounds, as well as antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzymes. The fruits at green maturity stage showed higher content of yellow flavonoids (22.07 mg/100g), anthocyanins (1.92 mg/100 g), polyphenols (3051.62 mg/100 g), starch (4.22%), antioxidant activity (489.40 g fruit/g DPPH and 198.77 µmol Trolox/g) and activity of antioxidant enzymes; the antioxidant activity allocated to the fruit was shown to be related to the contents of extractable polyphenols, yellow flavonoids, total anthocyanins and antioxidant enzymes.

Amazonian Native Palm Fruits as Sources of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds.

The Amazon region has many sources of fruits, especially native ones not yet explored, but which have some potential for use, as is the case with certain palms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the content of bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacities of fruits from native palms from the Brazilian Amazon. The fruits of five palm species (bacaba, buriti, inajá, pupunha, and tucumã) were evaluated for levels of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, total carotenoids, and total extractable polyphenols, as well as the total antioxidant capacities. The fruits had high contents of extractable total polyphenols, especially bacaba and tucumã (941.56 and 158.98 mg of galic acid·100g(-1)), total carotenoids in the case of tucumã and buriti (7.24 and 4.67 mg·100g(-1)), and anthocyanins in bacaba (80.76 mg·100g(-1)). As for the antioxidant capacity, bacaba had the highest total antioxidant activity by the Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC) (194.67 µM·Trolox·g(-1)), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (47.46 g·pulp·g(-1) DPPH), and ß-carotene/linoleic acid (92.17% Oxidation Inhibition (O.I) methods. Bacaba phenolic profile revealed the presence of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and other flavonoids. The palm fruits studied can be considered good sources of bioactive compounds, some containing higher amounts than that of commonly consumed fruits. Total extractable polyphenols and anthocyanins were directly correlated to antioxidant activity in these fruits.

Effect of antioxidant potential of tropical fruit juices on antioxidant enzyme profiles and lipid peroxidation in rats.

Fruits are a rich source of a variety of biologically active compounds that can have complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, including detoxification, enzyme modulation and antioxidant effects. Although the effects of tropical fruits have been examined individually, the interactive antioxidant capacity of the bioactive compounds in these formulations has not been sufficiently explored. For this reason, this study investigated the effect of two tropical fruit juices (FA and FB) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats. Seven groups, with eight rats each, were fed a normal diet for 4 weeks, and were force-fed daily either water (control), 100, 200, or 400 mg of FA or FB per kg. The results showed that the liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (FA200), erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase (FB400) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (FB100, FA400, FB200, FB400) were efficiently reduced by fruit juices when compared with control; whereas HDL-c increased (FB400).

Aumento da vida útil pós colheita de pedúnculos de cajueiro anão precoce pela redução da temperatura de armazenamento / Increasing shelf life of early dwarf cashew tree peduncle through reduction of storage temperature

Conduziu-se este estudo, realizado no Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-Colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical em Fortaleza (CE), com o objetivo de aumentar o tempo de conservação pós-colheita de pedúnculos dos clones CCP 76 e END 183 de cajueiro anão precoce por meio da redução da temperatura de armazenamento. Foi adotado um fatorial em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cujos fatores foram os clones e o tempo de armazenamento (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias), avaliados em três repetições. Os frutos, colhidos manualmente, no início da manhã, no Município de Beberibe, Ceará, foram acondicionados em caixas plásticas ainda no campo e transportados para o laboratório onde, acondicionados em bandejas de isopor, foram armazenados a 3,4 ± 0,6ºC e umidade relativa de 85 ± 11 por cento, sob atmosfera modificada. Os parâmetros avaliados foram perda de massa, aparência, cor da película, firmeza da polpa, sólidos solúveis totais, pH, acidez total titulável, SST/ATT, ácido ascórbico, açúcares solúveis totais, antocianinas totais e fenólicos. Os resultados mostraram que os pedúnculos do clone CCP 76 têm vida útil pós-colheita de 18 dias, enquanto o END 183, de 28 dias, ambos com reduzida perda de massa, firmeza e antocianinas totais.

This work aimed to increase, through the reduction storage temperature, the post-harvest conservation time of the early dwarf cashew tree peduncle of clones CCP 76 and END 183. It was carried out in the Postharvest Physiology and Technology Laboratory of the Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical in Fortaleza (State of Ceará, Brazil) using a factorial scheme in a randomized design with three replications of the factors (clones and storage duration: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days). The fruits evaluated were manually harvested in a farm located in the Municipality of Beberibe, State of Ceará, transported in plastic containers to the Laboratory and stored in extruded polystyrene trays at the temperature of 3,4 ± 0,6ºC and relative humidity 85 ± 11 percent under modified atmosphere. The parameters evaluated were weight loss; appearance; peel color; pulp firmness; total soluble solids (TSS); pH; total titratable acidity (TTA); TSS/TTA ratio; ascorbic acid; total soluble sugars; anthocyanins and phenolics. The analyses showed that the shelf life of the CCP 76 peduncle clone is 18 days while that of the END 183 clone is of 28 days, both with slight loss of mass, firmness and total anthocyanins.

Comportamento respiratório e amaciamento de graviola (Annona muricata L. ) Após tratamentos pós-colheita com cera e 1-metilciclopropeno / Respiratory behavior and softening of soursop fruit (Annona muricata L. ) after postharvest treatments with wax and 1-methylcyclopropene

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação pós-colheita de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e cera sobre o comportamento respiratório e as mudanças bioquímicas associadas ao amaciamento de graviola 'Morada', durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Os frutos, produzidos em Limoeiro do Norte-Ceará, foram colhidos na maturidade fisiológica. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: controle, 200 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP, pulverização com cera Fruit wax® e pulverização com Fruit wax® seguida da aplicação de 200 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP. Os frutos foram armazenados por 0, 4, 8, 11, 13 e 15 dias, a 15,4±1,1ºC e 86±7 por cento UR. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4x6, com quatro repetições. A partir do quarto e até o oitavo dia, observou-se intensa atividade metabólica, acompanhada por rápida degradação de amido e aumento da atividade da -galactosidase. Os tratamentos pós-colheita atrasaram ou reduziram a respiração e a produção de etileno. O amaciamento foi mais lento nos frutos tratados, principalmente entre o quarto e o oitavo dias. O tratamento cera+1-MCP reduziu temporariamente a atividade da poligalacturonase e manteve estável a da amilase. Entretanto, a cera foi o tratamento mais eficiente porque preservou a aparência por até treze dias.

The effect of postharvest application of 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) and wax on respiratory behavior and biochemical changes was evaluated regarding the softening of soursop fruit 'Morada', during refrigerated storage. Fruits produced in Limoeiro do Norte, State of Ceara, Brazil, were harvested at the physiological maturity stage. The treatments were: control, 200 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP, Fruit wax® sprayed on fruits, and Fruit wax® sprayed on fruits followed by application of 200 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP. The fruits were stored during 0, 4, 8, 11, 13 and 15 days, at 15.4±1.1ºC and 86±7 percent RH. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a 4x6 factorial and four replications. From the fourth day to the eighth day, an intense metabolic activity was observed, as well as a fast starch breakdown and an increase in -galactosidase activity. Postharvest treatments delayed or reduced respiration and ethylene production. Softening was slower in treated fruits mainly between the fourth and the eighth day. The treatment wax coating+1-MCP temporarily reduced polygalacturonase activity and kept amylase activity stable. However, wax was the most efficient treatment because it maintained the appearance during thirteen days.

Propriedades antioxidantes em subproduto do pedúnculo de caju (Anacardium occidentale L. ): efeito sobre a lipoperoxidação e o perfil de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em ratos / Antioxidant properties in cashew apple byproduct (Anacardium occidentale L. ): effect on lipoperoxidation and on the polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in rats

O caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) apresenta substâncias fenólicas, as quais são atribuídas propriedades antioxidantes. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar a capacidade antioxidante em subproduto, ou seja, no bagaço do pedúnculo do caju. O potencial antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHAlc) do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju foi avaliado em sistema de varredura do radical 2,2'-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPHò) e em ensaio in vivo. No sistema DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante de cerca de 95% em sua maior concentração (1000 µg/mL). Para o estudo in vivo, foram utilizados ratos Wistar administrando oralmente EHAlc (200 e 400 mg/kg de peso corpóreo) por 30 dias e analisados os tecidos plasmático, hepático e cerebral. Não houve alterações na peroxidação lipídica no plasma e no fígado dos animais tratados comparados ao grupo controle. Contudo, foi observada redução da lipoperoxidação no cérebro dos grupos tratados. Além do mais, neste tecido, os animais tratados apresentaram maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI), destacando-se o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Estes resultados indicam que o EHAlc contém antioxidantes naturais efetivos e que podem contribuir na redução da lipoperoxidação e preservação dos AGPICL no tecido cerebral de ratos, dando indícios da capacidade antioxidante do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju CCP-76.

The cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) contains phenolic compounds usually related with antioxidant properties. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate its antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the cashew apple pulp (EHAlc.) was assessed for the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) by in vitro method and by an in vivo essay. For this essay a 30-day oral (gavage, EHAlc. 200 and 400 mg/kg) study was conducted in Wistar male rats, evaluating hepatic, plasma and brain tissues. In DPPH model, the extract demonstrated antioxidant activity of 95% (largest concentration, 1000 µg/ mL). There were found no relevant peroxidation comparing the treated animals with the control group. However, the treated group presented a lower level of brain lipoperoxidation. Also in the treated animals brain tissue was found the largest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic (DHA). Therefore, the analyzed extract from cashew apple pulp clone CCP-76 contains effective natural antioxidants, responsible for free radical scavenging in vitro and also for decreasing the brain lipoperoxidation and keeping the PUFAS levels in Wistar rats.

Anthocyanins present in selected tropical fruits: acerola, jambolão, jussara, and guajiru.

Many tropical fruits are rich in anthocyanins, though limited information is available about the characterization and quantification of these anthocyanins. The identification and quantification of anthocyanin pigments in four tropical fruits were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Fruits studied included acerola (Malphigia emarginata), jussara (Euterpe edulis), jambolão (Syzygium cumini), and guajiru (Chrysobalanus icaco). All four fruits were found to contain anthocyanin pigments. Anthocyanidin backbones included cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Guajiru contained several acylated forms, while acerola, jussara, and jambolão contained only nonacylated glycosides. These results demonstrate that these tropical fruits are rich in anthocyanins and that the anthocyanins are widely ranging in anthocyanidin backbone, glycosylation, and acylation.

Qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de diferentes clones de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) / Postharvest quality of fruits from different mangabeira clones (Hancornia speciosa Gomes)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de diferentes clones de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) para consumo como fruto fresco e/ou industrializado, foram avaliados 10 clones: Ipojuca 3, 4 e 5 (IPJ 3, 4 e 5); Nizia Floresta 1, 6 e 8 (NIF 1, 6 e 8); Parnamirim 11 (PAR 11); Rio Tinto 7 (RIT 7); Extremoz 1 (EXT 1) e Touros 48 (TOU 48), oriundos de um Jardim Clonal instalado em 1996 do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Estação Experimental de Mangabeira, pertencente a EMEPA - Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba, situada em João Pessoa, PB. As mangabas foram colhidas manualmente em estádio de maturidade fisiológica, acondicionadas em caixas plásticas de transporte forradas no fundo com espuma de poliestireno e transportadas ao Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, onde foram caracterizadas física, físico-química e quimicamente. As características de qualidade analisadas foram: massa total do fruto; comprimento, diâmetro, firmeza, número de sementes; rendimento de polpa + casca; percentagem de sementes; pH; acidez total titulável (ATT); sólidos solúveis totais (SST); relação SST/ATT; vitamina C total; açúcares solúveis totais; açúcares redutores, fenólicos poliméricos, oligoméricos e dímeros. A análise de variância revelou diferenças estatísticas para todas as características pelo Teste F. De um modo geral os frutos de mangabeira dos clones avaliados apresentaram características superiores às observadas na literatura, especialmente quanto aos padrões estabelecidos pela I.N. nº 1 de 07/01/2000 do MAPA. Dentre os materiais genéticos avaliados pode-se destacar os clones RIT 8 e TOU 48 como os mais promissores para o mercado de frutas in natura, e os clones IPJ 3 e NIF 6 para o processamento agroindustrial.

This work aimed to evaluate the postharvest quality of fruits from different mangabeira clones (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) for industrialization and/or in natura consumption. Fruits were analyzed from the following mangaba tree clones: Ipojuca 3, 4 and 5 (IPJ 3, 4 and 5); Nizia Floresta 1, 6 and 8 (NIF 1, 6 and 8); Parnamirim 11 (PAR 11); Rio Tinto (RIT 7); Extremoz 1 (EXT 1) and Touros 48 (TOU 48), grown as part of the germoplasma bank at Mangabeira Experimental Station of EMEPA - Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba, located at João Pessoa-PB, Brazil. Mangabas, were manually packed into polystyrene lined plastic boxes and transported to the Postharvest Physiology and Technology Laboratory at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, at Fortaleza-CE. At Embrapa, fruits were analysed for chemical and physical-chemical quality parameters. Quality parameters analyzed were weight, length and diameter, texture, number of seeds, yield pulp and skin, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TTA ratio, total vitamin C, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, phenols as dimers, oligomers and polymers. Statistical analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all characteristics through Test F. Fruits from all the clones showed superior quality when compared to standards designed by MAPA on I.N. nº 1 from 07/01/2000. Greatest industrial yields were observed for clones IPJ 3 and NIF 6. Clones RIT 7 and TOU 48 showed greater postharvest life suggesting potential for in natura consumption.

Efeito do tipo de corte nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do melão 'cantaloupe' (Cucumis melo L. Híbrido hy-Mark) minimamente processado / Effect of type of cutting on the physical chemical and microbiological characteristics of 'Cantaloupe' melon (Cucumis melo L. Hybrid hy-Mark) minimally processed

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de cortes (manual e mecânico) nas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do melão 'Cantaloupe' minimamente processado e refrigerado. Frutos com grau de maturação adequado foram selecionados, lavados, sanificados (200 ppm de cloro ativo/2 minutos) e processados de acordo com o tipo de corte. Os frutos utilizados para o corte mecânico foram descascados em máquina descascadora e após a retirada das sementes, submetidos ao corte com auxílio de máquina de corte. Os destinados ao corte manual foram descascados e cortados com auxílio facas, colocados em imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (20 ppm de cloro ativo por 30 segundos) e acondicionados em embalagens flexíveis PET, armazenados a 4°C ± 1°C e avaliados a cada três dias por um período de 15 dias. Ao final dos experimentos, concluiu-se que para o processamento mínimo de melão 'Cantaloupe', o corte manual foi o mais indicado, por apresentar melhor estabilidade das características de cor, textura, pH, umidade e contagens microbiológicas durante o armazenamento.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of two types of cutting (manual and mechanic) on the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of processed and refrigerated 'Cantaloupe' melon. The fruits in the appropriate stage of ripening were selected, washed, sanitized (200ppm of active chlorine/2 minutes) and processed in agreement with types of cutting. The fruits used for the mechanical cutting were cutting in peeling machine and after at retreat of the seeds, submitted to the cutting with aid of cutting machine. The fruits destined at manual cutting were peeled and cut with aid of knives, immerged in chlorinated water (20 mg.L-1 of active chlorine) for 30 seconds) and conditioned in PET flexible packing, stored at 4°C ± 1°C and were carried out each three days during 15 days. At the end of the experiments it was concluded that for the minimally processed of 'Cantaloupe' melon, the manually cutting was the more indicated method, since it presented the best stability of characteristics concerning to color, firmness, pH, moisture and microbiological counting during storage.

Postharvest changes and respiratory pattern of bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis Mart) at different maturity stages during ambient storage

O bacuri (Platonia insignis, Mart.) é um dos mais importantes entre os frutos da Amazônia. Todavia, pouco se sabe sobre sua fisiologia pós-colheita, bem como, estádio de maturação, mudanças durante o armazenamento sob condições ambientais e padrão respiratório. Os frutos foram colhidos em três estádios de maturação baseados na coloração do epicarpo: verde-escuro, verde-claro e "de vez" (50% amarelo), com o objetivo de se determinar as modificações de coloração e padrão respiratório durante armazenamento sob condições de ambiente (25,2 ºC, 75,1 % UR). Os frutos de todos os estádios de maturação apresentaram, a partir do terceiro dia de colheita, comportamento respiratório não climatérico, com os frutos "de vez" apresentando maior taxa de produção de CO2 até o quarto dia de armazenamento (177,63 mg CO2.kg-1.h-1). O amarelecimento aumentou durante o armazenamento e foi relacionado com a diminuição da luminosidade (L), cromaticidade e ângulo hue. Os frutos "de vez" podem ser armazenados sob condições de ambiente por até 10 dias sem nenhuma perda da qualidade comercial.